Which is NOT an exception to confidentiality?

• A. Confidences may be disclosed with client consent.
• B. Disclosures to prevent death or substantial bodily harm.
• C. Disclosures to secure legal advice about compliance with the Rules.
• D. Using confidences to harm the client.

Answer: (D)

Confidentiality is the default rule protecting what a client shares with counsel, but there are narrow, recognized exceptions that allow disclosure. The option describing using confidences to harm the client is not an exception; it would breach the purpose of confidentiality and is not permitted. In contrast, the other scenarios are valid exceptions: you may disclose with the client’s consent, you may disclose to prevent death or substantial bodily harm, and you may disclose to obtain legal advice about compliance with the Rules. These permitted disclosures balance protecting the client and the public with the need to follow ethical obligations.