Which of the following is NOT a basis for seizure of personal property under a warrant?

• A. Property is stolen
• B. Property is unlawfully possessed
• C. Property has been used to commit or conceal an offense
• D. Civil dispute over ownership of property

Answer: (D)

The main idea is that a seizure by warrant must be tied to criminal activity. A valid warrant requires probable cause that the property is connected to a crime—either because it is stolen or unlawfully possessed, or because it has been used to commit or conceal a crime. Civil disputes over ownership don’t show that the item is evidence of a crime or that it is illicitly possessed; they’re civil in nature and typically require civil remedies, not a criminal search-and-seizure. So civil ownership disputes are not a basis for seizure under a warrant, whereas stolen property, unlawful possession, and property used to commit or conceal an offense are legitimate bases because they link the item directly to criminal activity.